WPCIu KI"$ w۲R ÀPWrUO iD䟵wƟji vNJ1#ɱ՛N("b+uE+iE^{ȿcK\E5>5. lci Ԭd8#eXXZy$7/IDyDQROdS0&_iۥmu<-rquD`Y2^RIV:nc iO W |.Ş *UfQ}|oyݿ͓i`-iv Ӎi~Si#sG$f'~Johqw0?˒R^gS^5@4#&;[џ X+lyvWo ]aD'da%"cw^ÊH%( [ pKJB.s)+M E.טksZӝ<2'%x\ #UN % 0 :U: ^ GwS4Wkz m|U:NU,nYT 0r 0L 09 09 0&L 09r 0L 0_ 0V" 08# 0$ 0$ 0% 0:& 0& 0' 0A( 0) 0) 0k* 0W- 050 03 06 08 0U99 0U: 0U; 0Cd; B*; 0; 1< 7(= D3= AQ= 00> > 0=> 0F7? 0P}? 1? 7`@ 0zn@ 0C@+AEFEU:HEEE 0E 14F 7FFG B'GDG(\GNGGGNGGJEMN[M]MsMMMMMMMN%N;NQNgNNNNNNNOO1OGO]OsOOOOOOO P#P9POPeP{PPPPPNP 1uP 72`Q 0cQQ R!R7RMRcRyRRRRRRRS)S?SUSkSSSSSSSTT3TIT$_TTNTTTTTT U#U9UOUeU{UUUUUUUV-VCVYVoVNVVVVVVV W!W7WMWcWyWUNW&W$X'X=XSXiXXXXXXXYY/YEY[YqYYYNY D5YYZZ.ZDZ\ZrZZZZZZZ[&[<[R[h[[["[[[[\*\@\V\l\\\\\\N\N\N\\]&]<]U>_JA_aaaaaaaa6b\\FLMD\wthhp5si$,,,,$0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($USUS.,,cAZ"Arial Regular- t,xarbara3|xrU<6X9`("Courier 10cpi ,yAZArial <6X9`("Courier 10cpiXx6X@;X@?A.UniversBoldScalable7?xA`&UniversScalableblexP7P?xA`&UniversScalablebleXX~xP7XP?xA`&UniversScalableblexP7P  ,"USUS.,  _@   X      `     h      p    X     ;z^ J:Right Par[1]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..  23  Ԁ..0..zq 4:Right Par[2]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`   23  Ԁ..0` ..` z @:Right Par[3]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`  ..   23  Ԁ` ..` 0 .. z Q:Right Par[4]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`  .. ..  23  Ԁ .. 0..z :Right Par[5]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`  .. ..h..h  23  Ԁ..0h..hz ,:Right Par[6]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`  .. ..h..h..  23  Ԁh..h0..z W:Right Par[7]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`  .. ..h..h....  23  Ԁ..0..z N:Right Par[8]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..` ..`  .. ..h..h....p..p  23  Ԁ..0p..plC0:Technical[1]Technical Document Style    23  Ԁ     .. l8%^:Technical[2]Technical Document Style   23  Ԁ   .. l5!:Technical[3]Technical Document Style   23  Ԁ   .. l4!:Technical[4]Technical Document Style   23  Ԁ   .. l:C:Technical[5]Technical Document Style..   23  Ԁ. l:0H:Technical[6]Technical Document Style..   23  Ԁ. l:L:Technical[7]Technical Document Style..   23  Ԁ. l:0Q:Technical[8]Technical Document Style..   23  Ԁ. Va8Document[1]Document Style  @..    23  Ԁ     Ԉ V8\8Document[2]Document Style   23  Ԁ   VH8Document[3]Document Style..   23  Ԁ   VC 8Document[4]Document Style.. . 23  Ԁ       Ԉ  ....p..p  23  Ԁ..0p..pnIntZZ#A#A 2000 2000 C000 to o  =\V 9w8Document[5]Document Style0... 23  Ԁ       Ԉ  ....p..p  23  Ԁ..0p..pnIntZZ#A#A 2000 2000 C000 to o  V 9{8Document[6]Document Style8... 23  Ԁ       Ԉ  ....p..p  23  Ԁ..0p..pnIntZZ#A#A 2000 2000 C000 to o  V& 8Document[7]Document Style0..0` ..` 3  Ԁ       Ԉ  ....p..p  23  Ԁ..0p..pnIntZ8Z8Z8#AA C000 C000 C 00 C 7J7J  x xXY=\=\=\fV& 8Document[8]Document Style0..8` ..` 3  Ԁ       Ԉ  ....p..p  23  Ԁ..0p..pnIntZ8Z8Z8#AA C000 C000 C 00 C 7J7J  x xXY=\=\=\fx22PleadingHeader for numbered pleading paper      >(-2$ !USUS.,  ݃ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(-2$ !USUS.,  (-2$ !USUS.,  ($     &0 d djD4Tech InitInitialize Technical Style( 1 ( CuyTechnicalTechnical Document Style11.11.1.11.1.1.11.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.11 1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1////'dxd+,-.3C<< cfE2Doc InitInitialize Document Style6( :!"#$%&'(  (789($0 ($0 0 (($0 0 0 !"#$%&'( A_ekqwDocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a):(a)R& 8BibliogrphyBibliography0....($      *(              XXXO <6X9`("Courier 10cpiO  X 6H?'*d66H?'*d6..H1..H2..H3..H4..H5..H6..H7..H8..H9..10..11..12..13..14..15..16..17..18..19..20..21..22..23..24..25..26..27..28   "Arial Regular    (^2l$ !USUS.,  $XXX CRight ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)Da)    d !     !USUS.,  _Xo[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXoXo XhX  *  xd X QLx "$&(*,.8135@8:<H?ACXxӀTheOffenseInstructionsareindexedsequentially,ratherthantopicallyorbysubject  matter,accordingtotheappropriatesectionnumbersofTitle18,UnitedStatesCode.  OffensesdefinedinothertitlesoftheCodearesimilarlyindexedinasequentialmanner p followingtheTitle18offenses.  !USUS.,  _Xo[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXoXo XhX  *  xd X QLx A#$&(*,.8135@8:<H?ACXxӀSeeOffenseInstruction86forinstructionsconcerningconspiracyoffensescharged  under21USC846and/or955cand963,andOffenseInstruction71.2for  instructionsconcerningconspiracyoffenseschargedunderRICO,18USC1962(d).               X                    X                   X                           3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)}i)(;3$2#  0  .3  0                                                     X       XX X  X       X                                                         (hH  Z6Times New Roman Regular XX   XX                                    HHHH)!dxdx X            X                     XX  X   X                              !USUS.,  _X+<XXX @ uaX , > Pbtp!$%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACXuThebracketedmaterialonthispageshouldbeomittedwithrespectto  conspiracyoffensesnotrequiringproofofovertacts(suchas21USC846 x and963).?xA`&UniversScalable @ !USUS.,  _X+<XXX @ uaX , > Pbtp!$%'0*,.8135@8:<H?ACXu#XtXXX+<=#Xo XXXt#XtX XXo#Xo XXXtԀThebracketedmaterialonthispageshouldbeomittedwithrespectto  conspiracyoffensesnotrequiringproofofovertacts(suchas21USC846 x and963).          X  FRE USCWmTerrellAlbrittonMiddlebrooksEdenfieldCarnesWinship S.CtHarvellreh'gTeagueVeltmanreadoptedBarnetteD'AntignacSolomanLippnerDiecidueKerleyRestrepoGrandaBatencortPomponioBarresiBroadwellCastellDuckettChianteseRussoBrokemondr]eversalNotetakingEnhancersConroySirangMalatestaParadiesFajardoClemonsBeechumHuddlestonHastamorirTostaoffense[sApprendiMcDowellDarlandDeleveauxHerreraBritto ream]odernHaney GossEisensteinCondonKidnappingKidnappedHobbsCarjackingDanehyGaudinNederCabezarebuttableGrigsbyD.R.I.UnterbergerPruittElkinBallardJimenezHeathingtonNicollWilkersonMcReeHaylesubgranteeGluckDeStefanoGullett OdomTroschF.SuppNilsenDeShazo KewKlais I]t ATFw]hoever a]nymachinegunTimmonsAmparoAdkinsCalhoonLipscombGafyczk RappDeCastroAlejandroSepulvedaUnprogrammedDabbsasportationS.RepU.S.C.C.A.N.tortiousaccesserMcKeever ThamChanthadaraWeiseHarrelsonDevittBlackmarSheffeycommit[tedLizamaCommn.QuinteroMullaneyFeslerGaskellSasnettBraxtonKwongDeSantiagounconsentingsubparts"Photogrammetric SvcsMcNallydeVegterLukisLangfordscienternonmailableHamlingGrassiGronerSchmeltzerShumwaySpillmanCarmackBagnellAguilarBrensonnonimmigrantTwenty-FiveKozminskisubchapterBlantonminimisconduct[ingCancelliereStarkeShabaniChristoKotvasRevesBizzardGarrett t]heGuilbertShaffercuriamFulfordLumleycitementitem[soverbroadGipsonLaSpesaLiparotaSaldana CFRBarajasH.R.RepreembarkationQuirarteEspinozaVillegasCastrillonMascoteAlmendarezDefendant[ssubstance[samount[sbox[esSection[sKnowlesPulidoBelardoQuinonesPalazzoloWitekMaderaStittMaull unintermittent Prac CCEM]ereRosenthal ha[dMoormanRutledgeVigneauWingononstatutoryduplicativeMcCullahMcVeighCamargoVergagaregisterableregistrable nonregistrablew]illfullyRatzlafBlakelyMatute a]nIppolitoCarpaElkinsChigboGoldinPelulloHorakHoulihanElgersmaDicter !USUS.,  _  X`XXX  4UEAz Lh) p @X@Exh)@0* !X X`#D  !@#aD @  "ELEVENTHCIRCUIT   @__PATTERNJURYINSTRUCTIONS @  @c c "(CRIMINALCASES) ` @(2003 #   0%  _    X#Xo Xa#  XXo#0  8#  0@% JUDICIALCOUNCIL   @*ofthe  @%ELEVENTHCIRCUIT | @(RESOLUTION  D $     ` ResolvedthattheCommitteeonPatternJuryInstructionsofthe   JudicialCounciloftheEleventhCircuitisherebyauthorizedtodistribute   totheDistrictJudgesoftheCircuitfortheiraidandassistance,andto  otherwisepublish,theCommittee'sPatternJuryInstructions,Criminal ~^ Cases,EleventhCircuit(2003revision);provided,however,thatthis R2 resolutionshallnotbeconstruedasanadjudicativeapprovalofthe & contentofsuchinstructionswhichmustawaitcasebycasereviewby  theCourt.  Date:򀀀  򀀀 vV  `     h      p ChiefJudge ` @   `     h     UnitedStatesCourtofAppeals J!*!  `     h      p FortheCouncil 4""   ##  8 dd8@qq* Preface    ` ThesePatternJuryInstructions,CriminalCases,EleventhCircuit 8 (2003revision),updateandextendthe1997editionpublishedbya  T predecessorcommitteeofthisCircuitwhosework,inturn,builtupon  p thePatternJuryInstructions(CriminalCases)firstpublishedinthe <  formerFifthCircuitin1978. X   ` Theobjectiveshaveremainedconstant.First,tosimplifyandto t provideinwordsofcommonusageandunderstanding,abodyofbrief,  uniformjuryinstructions,fullyandaccuratelystatingthelawwithout  needlessrepetition.Second,toorganizetheinstructionsinasequential  formatdesignedtofacilitaterapidassemblyandreproductionofa 4 completejurychargeineachcase,suitableforsubmissiontothejury P inwrittenform.  l  ` Asinthe1997Edition,theinstructionshavebeenarrangedinfour 8" groups: T$  `  A.  BasicInstructions p&!   `  B.  SpecialInstructions (#"  `  C.  OffenseInstructions *%$  `  D.  TrialInstructions. ,(&  ` A.TheBasicInstructionscoverinalogicalsequencethose  subjectsthatshouldnormallybeincludedintheCourt'sinstructionsin  everycase.Whennecessary,alternateversionsofeachinstructionare 8 providedforselectiondependinguponthevariablecircumstancesofthe  T individualcase,i.e.,theelectionofadefendanttotestifyornotto  p testify;thevariousformsofimpeachmentfrequentlyconsummated <  duringthetrial;whethertherewasexpertopinionevidenceunderFRE X  702;whetherwillfulnessisanessentialelementofanyoffensecharged; t andwhetherthecaseinvolvessingleormultipledefendants,andsingle  ormultiplecounts.   ` B. TheSpecialInstructionscoveranumberofsubjects  frequentlyincludedinthechargetothejurybutmaynotbenecessary 4 ineverycase.Theyfallintothreegroups:(1)Instructionsdealingwith P specificissuesconcerningthejury'sconsiderationoftheevidencesuch  l asthetestimonyofaccomplicesorinformers,andthosetestifyingwith 8" grantsofimmunityorsomeformofpleaagreement;theevaluationof T$ confessionsorincriminatingstatements;theevaluationofsimilaracts p&!  evidenceadmittedunderFRE404(b);andtheevaluationof (#" identificationtestimony.(2)Instructionsfrequentlygivenintandemwith *%$ thepertinentOffenseInstruction(s)suchasthedefinitionof ,(& "possession;"theconceptofcriminalagencyoraidingandabetting(18  USC2);specialstateofmindinstructionssuchasdeliberate  ignorance(asproofofknowledge),andintentionalviolationofaknown 8 legalduty(asproofofwillfulness).(3)Instructionsontheoriesof  T defensesuchascharacterevidence;entrapment;alibi;insanity;  p coercionandintimidation;goodfaithdefensetoachargeofintentto <  defraud;andgoodfaithrelianceuponadviceofcounsel. X   ` C. TheOffenseInstructionscoverover100ofthemost t frequentlyprosecutedfederaloffenses.Theyarearrangedsequentially  accordingtosectionnumberinTitle18,UnitedStatesCode,beginning  with18USC111,AssaultingaFederalOfficer.Federalcrimesin  othertitlesarearrangedsequentiallybyTitleandsectionnumber 4 followingtheinstructionsunderTitle18.Theseinclude,primarily, P immigrationoffensesunderTitle8;controlledsubstancesoffenses  l underTitle21;andtaxoffensesunderTitle26. 8"  ` Aseparateinstructionisprovidedforeachoffensebeginningwith T$ agenericdescriptionofthenatureofthecrimefollowedbyan p&!  enumerationoftheessentialelementsoftheoffenseandthedefinitions (#" ofthekeywordsorphrasesemployedinthestatementoftheelements. *%$ Eachinstruction,whencombinedwiththeappropriateSpecial ,(& Instructionapplicabletothecase,isdesignedtobeacompletecharge  concerningtheoffensetowhichitrelates.   ` D. TheTrialInstructionsalsofallintothreegroups.(1) 8 AlternatesetsofPreliminaryInstructions,tobegivenbeforeopening  T statements,consistingofashortformdesignedtobeusedinordinary  p casesofanticipatedshortduration,andalongerformforpossibleuse <  inmorecomplicated,protractedcases.(2)Acollectionofexplanatory X  instructionsfrequentlystatedtothejuryduringthetrialitself.(3)A t modified"Allen"chargeforuseinappropriatecircumstancesduring  deliberationswhenthejuryreportsanimpasse.   ` JudgeWm.TerrellHodges   p     Chair   ` JudgeJamesH.Hancock   p    4  ` ChiefJudgeW.HaroldAlbritton p     Alabama B  ` ChiefJudgeRogerVinson   p    ^  ` JudgeDonaldM.Middlebrooks p     Florida  l  ` ChiefJudgeB.AvantEdenfield p    8"  ` JudgeJulieE.Carnes   p     Georgia  F#   8 d d8@$ DirectionsForUse    ` Inpreparingacompletejurycharge,oneshouldfirstrefertothe 8 IndexoftheBasicInstructionsand,proceedingsequentiallyfromone  T instructiontothenextbeginningwithBasicInstruction1,selectthe  p instructionoralternativeversionofeachinstructionthatfitsthecase. <  Attheappropriatepointintheassemblyofthecharge,directionsare X  givenintheIndextorefertotheindicesoftheSpecialInstructionsand t theOffenseInstructions,respectively,forselectionandincorporationof  theapplicablechargesfromthosesources.   ` Afterthecompletepackageofinstructionshasbeenassembled  inthatmanner,theOffenseInstructionsincludedinthechargeshould 4 becarefullyreviewedtodeterminewhethereditingwillberequiredto P tailortheparticularinstructiontothecase.ManyoftheOffense  l Instructionscontainbracketedmaterialconsistingofexamplesor 8" alternativestatementsthatmayormaynotapplyinaparticularcase. T$ Suchmaterialmustbeeditedandtailoredtofitthecase,andthe p&!  bracketsmustberemoved.#0  ##XtX 0#Xo XXXt   (#" XXXo X XXo  XXo8@@ d d8@+D INDEXTO X @PP&DBASICINSTRUCTIONS  B ̀Instruction  ЀNumber   ` 1   FacePageIntroduction     x   (# 4 f  ` 2 .1  DutyToFollowInstructions,etc.   x   (# 5 f    `  .2  DutyToFollowInstructions,etc. :   `    (WhenAnyDefendantDoesNotTestify)  (# 6 $   ` 3   DefinitionOfReasonableDoubt   x   (# 8 t  ` 4 .1  EvidenceDirectAndCircumstantial t  `    ArgumentOfCounsel p      x   (# 9 ^  `  .2  EvidenceDirectAndCircumstantial 2  `    ArgumentOfCounselAndCommentOfCourt (# 11   ` 5   CredibilityOfWitnesses     x   (# 13 l  ` 6 .1  ImpeachmentInconsistentStatement  (# 14 l!"  `  .2  SameInconsistentStatementAnd @# $  `    FelonyConviction p      x   (# 15 *$!%  `  .3  SameInconsistentStatement(Defendant %#'  `    TestifiesWithNoFelonyConviction) x   (# 16  &$( @+D INDEXTO X @PP&DBASICINSTRUCTIONS  B @*D (Continued)  , ̀Instruction  ЀNumber |  ` 6 .4  SameInconsistentStatement  P  `    (DefendantTestifiesWithFelonyConviction)  (# 17  :   `  .5  SameInconsistentStatement f    `    AndFelonyConviction(DefendantTestifies P   `    WithNoFelonyConviction)     x   (# 19 :   `  .6  SameInconsistentStatement    `    AndFelonyConviction(DefendantTestifies   `    WithFelonyConviction)     x   (# 20   `  .7  SameBadReputation(orOpinion)Concerning ^  `    Truthfulness(MayBeUsedWith6.16.6)  (# 22 H  ` 7   ExpertWitnesses p      x   (# 23 H  @h h D[INSERTHERESPECIALINSTRUCTIONS  @%D15,IFAPPLICABLE]    ` 8   IntroductionToOffenseInstructions  *!  `    (InConspiracyCases) p      x   (# 24 l!"  @T T D[INSERTHERETHEAPPROPRIATEOFFENSE %"& @ DINSTRUCTIONSANDADDITIONALSPECIAL %#' @ DINSTRUCTIONS,IFANY,PERTAININGTOCASE]  &$( @+D INDEXTO X @PP&DBASICINSTRUCTIONS B @*D(Continued) ,  ̀Instruction  ЀNumber   ` 9 .1  OnOrAboutKnowinglyWillfully x   (# 25  P  `  .2  OnOraboutKnowingly(Only)   | $   `    (WhenWillfulnessOrSpecificIntent f    `    IsNotAnElement) p      x   (# 28 P   ` 10 .1  CautionPunishment   `    (SingleDefendantSingleCount)   x   (# 29   `  .2  Same(SingleDefendantMultipleCounts) (# 30 ^  `  .3  Same(MultipleDefendantsSingleCount) (# 31 2  `  .4  Same(MultipleDefendantsMultipleCounts) (# 32 ^  ` 11   DutyToDeliberate p      x   (# 33   `  ` 12   Verdict     p      x   (# 34  V X@- 1 X @!FacePageIntroduction  B @ UNITEDSTATESDISTRICTCOURT | @ 򀀀DISTRICTOF򀀀 f @򀀀DIVISION  P UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA f   ̄vs `     h     CASENO. $  @#COURT'SINSTRUCTIONS 2 @(TOTHEJURY t MembersoftheJury: 2  ` Itisnowmydutytoinstructyouontherulesoflawthatyoumust  followandapplyindecidingthiscase.WhenIhavefinishedyouwillgo  tothejuryroomandbeginyourdiscussionswhatwecallyour V deliberations.  *!  ` ItwillbeyourdutytodecidewhethertheGovernmenthasproved V"# beyondareasonabledoubtthespecificfactsnecessarytofindthe *$!% Defendantguiltyofthecrimechargedintheindictment.  %#' @uu, 2.1 X @ DutyToFollowInstructions B @II!PresumptionOfInnocence  ,  ` Youmustmakeyourdecisiononlyonthebasisofthetestimony | andotherevidencepresentedhereduringthetrial;andyoumustnotbe  P influencedinanywaybyeithersympathyorprejudicefororagainstthe | $  DefendantortheGovernment. P   ` YoumustalsofollowthelawasIexplainittoyouwhetheryou $  agreewiththatlawornot;andyoumustfollowallofmyinstructionsas  awhole.Youmaynotsingleout,ordisregard,anyoftheCourt's t instructionsonthelaw. H  ` TheindictmentorformalchargeagainstanyDefendantisnot t evidenceofguilt.Indeed,everyDefendantispresumedbythelawto H beinnocent.ThelawdoesnotrequireaDefendanttoproveinnocence  ortoproduceanyevidenceatall.TheGovernmenthastheburdenof  provingaDefendantguiltybeyondareasonabledoubt,andifitfailsto l dosoyoumustfindthatDefendantnotguilty. @  *#Xo X \*# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS  \%#& InreWinship,397U.S.358,364,90S.Ct.1068,1073,25L.Ed.2d368(1970)(The '\%) dueprocessclauseprotectsallcriminaldefendants"againstconvictionexceptupon |($&* proofbeyondareasonabledoubtofeveryfactnecessarytoconstitutethecrime D)&+ withwhichheischarged.");seealsoHarvellv.Nagle,58F.3d1541,1542(11thCir.  *', 1995),reh'gdenied,70F.3d1287(11thCir.1995).  *|(- L  XXo@uu, 2.2 X @ DutyToFollowInstructions B @II!PresumptionOfInnocence , @ (WhenAnyDefendantDoesNotTestify)    ` Youmustmakeyourdecisiononlyonthebasisofthetestimony  P andotherevidencepresentedhereduringthetrial;andyoumustnotbe | $  influencedinanywaybyeithersympathyorprejudicefororagainstthe P  DefendantortheGovernment. $   ` YoumustalsofollowthelawasIexplainittoyouwhetheryou  agreewiththatlawornot;andyoumustfollowallofmyinstructionsas t awhole.Youmaynotsingleout,ordisregard,anyoftheCourt's H instructionsonthelaw. t  ` TheindictmentorformalchargeagainstanyDefendantisnot H evidenceofguilt.Indeed,everyDefendantispresumedbythelawto  beinnocent.ThelawdoesnotrequireaDefendanttoproveinnocence  ortoproduceanyevidenceatall;andifaDefendantelectsnotto l testify,youcannotconsiderthatinanywayduringyourdeliberations. @  TheGovernmenthastheburdenofprovingaDefendantguiltybeyond l!" areasonabledoubt,andifitfailstodosoyoumustfindthatDefendant @# $ notguilty.  %"& =OX#Xo X O# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   UnitedStatesv.Teague,953F.2d1525,1539(11thCir.1992),cert.denied,506 X U.S.842,113S.Ct.127,121L.Ed.2d82(1992),Defendantwhodoesnottestifyis   entitledtoinstructionthatnoinferencemaybedrawnfromthatelection;seealso  UnitedStatesv.Veltman,6F.3d1483,1493(11thCir.1993)(Courtwas"troubled" `  by"absenceofinstructiononthepresumptionofinnocenceatthebeginningofthe ( x trial....AlthoughtheCourtchargedthejuryonthepresumptionbeforethey  @ retiredtodeliberate,webelieveitextraordinaryforatrialtoprogresstothatstage    withnaryamentionofthisjurisprudentialbedrock.")     UX   XXo@-3 X @99DefinitionOfReasonableDoubt B   ` Thus,whiletheGovernment'sburdenofproofisastrictorheavy | burden,itisnotnecessarythataDefendant'sguiltbeprovedbeyondall  P possibledoubt.ItisonlyrequiredthattheGovernment'sproofexclude | $  any"reasonabledoubt"concerningtheDefendant'sguilt. P   ` A"reasonabledoubt"isarealdoubt,baseduponreasonand $  commonsenseaftercarefulandimpartialconsiderationofallthe  evidenceinthecase. t  ` Proofbeyondareasonabledoubt,therefore,isproofofsucha H convincingcharacterthatyouwouldbewillingtorelyandactuponit t withouthesitationinthemostimportantofyourownaffairs.Ifyouare H convincedthattheDefendanthasbeenprovedguiltybeyonda  reasonabledoubt,sayso.Ifyouarenotconvinced,sayso.  Y#Xo X Y# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS    UnitedStatesv.Daniels,986F.2d451(11thCir.1993),opinionreadoptedon 8"# rehearing,5F.3d495(11thCir.1993),cert.denied,114S.Ct.1615,128L.Ed.2d # $ 342(1994)approvesthisdefinitionandinstructionconcerningreasonabledoubt; #p!% seealsoUnitedStatesv.Morris,647F.2d568(5thCir.1981);Victorv.Nebraska, $8"& 114S.Ct.1239,127L.Ed.2d583(1994)(discussing"reasonabledoubt"definition X%#' andinstruction).   &#( ^  XXo@uu, 4.1 X @SSConsiderationOfTheEvidence B @~~!DirectAndCircumstantial , @dd$ArgumentOfCounsel    ` AsIsaidearlier,youmustconsideronlytheevidencethatIhave f admittedinthecase.Theterm"evidence"includesthetestimonyofthe  :  witnessesandtheexhibitsadmittedintherecord.Rememberthat f   anythingthelawyerssayisnotevidenceinthecase.Itisyourown :  recollectionandinterpretationoftheevidencethatcontrols.Whatthe   lawyerssayisnotbindinguponyou.   ` Inconsideringtheevidenceyoumaymakedeductionsandreach ^ conclusionswhichreasonandcommonsenseleadyoutomake;and 2 youshouldnotbeconcernedaboutwhethertheevidenceisdirector ^ circumstantial."Directevidence"isthetestimonyofonewhoasserts 2 actualknowledgeofafact,suchasaneyewitness."Circumstantial  evidence"isproofofachainoffactsandcircumstancestendingto  prove,ordisprove,anyfactindispute.Thelawmakesnodistinction V betweentheweightyoumaygivetoeitherdirectorcircumstantial  *! evidence.  V"# ZaX#Xo X ;a# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   UnitedStatesv.Clark,506F.2d416(5thCir.1975),cert.denied,421U.S.967,95 X S.Ct.1957,44L.Ed.2d454(1975)approvesthesubstanceofthisinstruction   concerningthelackofdistinctionbetweendirectandcircumstantialevidence;see  alsoUnitedStatesv.Barnette,800F.2d1558,1566(11thCir.1986),reh'gdenied, `  807F.2d999(11thCir.1986),cert.denied,480U.S.935,107S.Ct.1578,94 ( x L.Ed.2d769(1987)(notingthatthe"testforevaluatingcircumstantialevidenceis  @ thesameasinevaluatingdirectevidence")(citingUnitedStatesv.Henderson,693    F.2d1028,1030(11thCir.1983)).    UnitedStatesv.Granville,716F.2d819,822(11thCir.1983)notesthatthejury `  wascorrectlyinstructedthattheargumentsofcounselshouldnotbeconsideredas (  evidence(citingUnitedStatesv.Phillips,664F.2d971,1031(5thCir.1981));see   alsoUnitedStatesv.Siegel,587F.2d721,727(5thCir.1979).  h  gX  XXo@uu, 4.2 X @ ConsiderationOfTheEvidence,Direct B @ AndCircumstantialArgumentOfCounsel , @#CommentsByTheCourt    ` AsIsaidearlier,youmustconsideronlytheevidencethatIhave f admittedinthecase.Theterm"evidence"includesthetestimonyofthe  :  witnessesandtheexhibitsadmittedintherecord.Rememberthat f   anythingthelawyerssayisnotevidenceinthecase.Itisyourown :  recollectionandinterpretationoftheevidencethatcontrols.Whatthe   lawyerssayisnotbindinguponyou.Also,youshouldnotassumefrom  anythingImayhavesaidthatIhaveanyopinionconcerninganyofthe ^ issuesinthiscase.Exceptformyinstructionstoyouonthelaw,you 2 shoulddisregardanythingImayhavesaidduringthetrialinarrivingat ^ yourowndecisionconcerningthefacts. 2  ` Inconsideringtheevidenceyoumaymakedeductionsandreach  conclusionswhichreasonandcommonsenseleadyoutomake;and  youshouldnotbeconcernedaboutwhethertheevidenceisdirector V circumstantial."Directevidence"isthetestimonyofonewhoasserts  *! actualknowledgeofafact,suchasaneyewitness."Circumstantial V"# evidence"isproofofachainoffactsandcircumstancestendingto *$!% prove,ordisprove,anyfactindispute.Thelawmakesnodistinction %#' betweentheweightyoumaygivetoeitherdirectorcircumstantial 'z%) evidence.  )N'+ mX#Xo X m# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   UnitedStatesv.Clark,506F.2d416(5thCir.1975),cert.denied,421U.S.967,95 X S.Ct.1957,44L.Ed.2d454(1975)approvesthesubstanceofthisinstruction   concerningthelackofdistinctionbetweendirectandcircumstantialevidence;see  alsoUnitedStatesv.Barnette,800F.2d1558,1566(11thCir.1986),reh'gdenied, `  807F.2d999(11thCir.1986),cert.denied,480U.S.935,107S.Ct.1578,94 ( x L.Ed.2d769(1987)(notingthatthe"testforevaluatingcircumstantialevidenceis  @ thesameasinevaluatingdirectevidence")(citingUnitedStatesv.Henderson,693    F.2d1028,1030(11thCir.1983)).    UnitedStatesv.Hope,714F.2d1084,1087(11thCir.1983)("Atrialjudgemay `  commentupontheevidenceaslongasheinstructsthejurythatitisthesolejudge (  ofthefactsandthatitisnotboundbyhiscommentsandaslongasthecomments   arenotsohighlyprejudicialthataninstructiontothateffectcannotcuretheerror.") h  (citingUnitedStatesv.Buchanan,585F.2d100,102(5thCir.1978)).Seealso 0  UnitedStatesv.Jenkins,901F.2d1075(11thCir.1990). H  UnitedStatesv.Granville,716F.2d819,822(11thCir.1983)notesthatthejury  wascorrectlyinstructedthattheargumentsofcounselshouldnotbeconsideredas P evidence(citingUnitedStatesv.Phillips,664F.2d971,1031(5thCir.1981));see h alsoUnitedStatesv.Siegel,587F.2d721,727(5thCir.1979).  0 uX  XXo@- 5 X @!CredibilityOfWitnesses  B  ` Now,insayingthatyoumustconsideralloftheevidence,Idonot  meanthatyoumustacceptalloftheevidenceastrueoraccurate.You f shoulddecidewhetheryoubelievewhateachwitnesshadtosay,and  :  howimportantthattestimonywas.Inmakingthatdecisionyoumay f   believeordisbelieveanywitness,inwholeorinpart.Also,thenumber :  ofwitnessestestifyingconcerninganyparticulardisputeisnot   controlling.   ` IndecidingwhetheryoubelieveordonotbelieveanywitnessI ^ suggestthatyouaskyourselfafewquestions:Didthewitnessimpress 2 youasonewhowastellingthetruth?Didthewitnesshaveany ^ particularreasonnottotellthetruth?Didthewitnesshaveapersonal 2 interestintheoutcomeofthecase?Didthewitnessseemtohavea  goodmemory?Didthewitnesshavetheopportunityandabilityto  observeaccuratelythethingsheorshetestifiedabout?Didthewitness V appeartounderstandthequestionsclearlyandanswerthemdirectly?  *! Didthewitness'stestimonydifferfromothertestimonyorother V"# evidence?  *$!% @uu, 6.1 X @p p ImpeachmentInconsistentStatement  B  ` Youshouldalsoaskyourselfwhethertherewasevidencetending  toprovethatawitnesstestifiedfalselyconcerningsomeimportantfact; f or,whethertherewasevidencethatatsomeothertimeawitnesssaid  :  ordidsomething,orfailedtosayordosomething,whichwasdifferent f   fromthetestimonythewitnessgavebeforeyouduringthetrial. :   ` Youshouldkeepinmind,ofcourse,thatasimplemistakebya   witnessdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthewitnesswasnottellingthe  truthasheorsheremembersit,becausepeoplenaturallytendtoforget ^ somethingsorrememberotherthingsinaccurately.So,ifawitness 2 hasmadeamisstatement,youneedtoconsiderwhetheritwassimply ^ aninnocentlapseofmemoryoranintentionalfalsehood;andthe 2 significanceofthatmaydependonwhetherithastodowithan  importantfactorwithonlyanunimportantdetail.  | #Xo X |#ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   r! UnitedStatesv.D'Antignac,628F.2d428,43536n.10(5thCir.1980),cert.denied, "# $ 450U.S.967,101S.Ct.1485,67L.Ed.2d617(1981)approvedinstruction(used #!% inconjunctionwithBasicInstruction5andSpecialInstruction2.1asbefittedthe $Z"& factsofthatcase).SeealsoUnitedStatesv.McDonald,620F.2d559,565(5th z%"#' Cir.1980),andUnitedStatesv.Soloman,856F.2d1572,1578(11thCir.1988), B&#( reh'gdenied,863F.2d890(1988),cert.denied,489U.S.1070,109S.Ct.1352,  '$) 103L.Ed.2d820(1989).  'z%*   XXo@uu, 6.2 X @''(Impeachment B @  InconsistentStatementAndFelonyConviction  ,  ` Youshouldalsoaskyourselfwhethertherewasevidencetending | toprovethatawitnesstestifiedfalselyconcerningsomeimportantfact;  P or,whethertherewasevidencethatatsomeothertimeawitnesssaid | $  ordidsomething,orfailedtosayordosomething,whichwasdifferent P  fromthetestimonythewitnessgavebeforeyouduringthetrial. $   ` Thefactthatawitnesshasbeenconvictedofafelonyoffense,or  acrimeinvolvingdishonestyorfalsestatement,isanotherfactoryou t mayconsiderindecidingwhetheryoubelievethatwitness. H  ` Youshouldkeepinmind,ofcourse,thatasimplemistakebya t witnessdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthewitnesswasnottellingthe H truthasheorsheremembersit,becausepeoplenaturallytendtoforget  somethingsorrememberotherthingsinaccurately.So,ifawitness  hasmadeamisstatement,youneedtoconsiderwhetheritwassimply l aninnocentlapseofmemoryoranintentionalfalsehood;andthe @  significanceofthatmaydependonwhetherithastodowithan l!" importantfactorwithonlyanunimportantdetail. @# $ ͋ #Xo X #ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS  (&* UnitedStatesv.Solomon,856F.2d1572,1578(11thCir.1988),reh'gdenied,863 8+(- F.2d890(1988),cert.denied,489U.S.1070,109S.Ct.1352,103L.Ed.2d820 ,). (1989)approved  XXoԀ#Xo X ʓ#thisinstruction  XXo.  ,p*/ @uu, 6.3 X @''(Impeachment B @"InconsistentStatement , @ (DefendantTestifiesWithNoFelonyConviction)    ` Youshouldalsoaskyourselfwhethertherewasevidencetending  P toprovethatawitnesstestifiedfalselyconcerningsomeimportantfact; | $  or,whethertherewasevidencethatatsomeothertimeawitnesssaid P  ordidsomething,orfailedtosayordosomething,whichwasdifferent $  fromthetestimonythewitnessgavebeforeyouduringthetrial.   ` Youshouldkeepinmind,ofcourse,thatasimplemistakebya t witnessdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthewitnesswasnottellingthe H truthasheorsheremembersit,becausepeoplenaturallytendtoforget t somethingsorrememberotherthingsinaccurately.So,ifawitness H hasmadeamisstatement,youneedtoconsiderwhetheritwassimply  aninnocentlapseofmemoryoranintentionalfalsehood;andthe  significanceofthatmaydependonwhetherithastodowithan l importantfactorwithonlyanunimportantdetail. @   ` ADefendanthasarightnottotestify.IfaDefendantdoestestify, l!" however,youshoulddecideinthesamewayasthatofanyother @# $ witnesswhetheryoubelievetheDefendant'stestimony.  %"& AOY@uu, 6.4 X @''(Impeachment B @"InconsistentStatement , @f f (DefendantTestifiesWithFelonyConviction)    ` Youshouldalsoaskyourselfwhethertherewasevidencetending  P toprovethatthewitnesstestifiedfalselyconcerningsomeimportant | $  fact;or,whethertherewasevidencethatatsomeothertimethewitness P  saidordidsomething,orfailedtosayordosomething,whichwas $  differentfromthetestimonythewitnessgavebeforeyouduringthetrial.   ` Youshouldkeepinmind,ofcourse,thatasimplemistakebya t witnessdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthewitnesswasnottellingthe H truthasheorsheremembersit,becausepeoplenaturallytendtoforget t somethingsorrememberotherthingsinaccurately.So,ifawitness H hasmadeamisstatement,youneedtoconsiderwhetheritwassimply  aninnocentlapseofmemoryoranintentionalfalsehood;andthe  significanceofthatmaydependonwhetherithastodowithan l importantfactorwithonlyanunimportantdetail. @   ` ADefendanthasarightnottotestify.IfaDefendantdoestestify, l!" however,youshoulddecideinthesamewayasthatofanyother @# $ witnesswhetheryoubelievetheDefendant'stestimony.[Evidenceof %"& aDefendant'spreviousconvictionofacrimeistobeconsideredbyyou &$( onlyindecidingwhetheryoubelieveordisbelievetheDefendantasa (d&* witness,andmustneverbeconsideredasevidenceofguiltofthe *8(, crime(s)forwhichtheDefendantisontrial.] d, *. #Xo X #  8.+0 AOY AX A  hANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   UnitedStatesv.Lippner,676F.2d456,462n.11(11thCir.1982),itisplainerror @ nottogivealimitinginstruction(suchasthelastsentenceofthisinstruction)when X aDefendantisimpeachedasawitnessunderRule609,FIRE,bycross   examinationconcerningapriorconviction)(citingUnitedStatesv.Diaz,585F.2d  116(5thCir.1978)). `  If,however,evidenceofaDefendant'spriorconvictionisadmittedforother  @ purposesunderRule404(b),FIRE.,thelastsentenceofthisinstructionshouldnot    begiven.See,instead,TrialInstruction3andSpecialInstruction4.    Similarly,thelastsentenceofthisinstructionshouldnotbegivenifevidenceofa `  Defendant'spriorconvictionisadmittedbecausetheexistenceofsuchaconviction (  isanessentialelementofthecrimecharged.See,forexample,OffenseInstruction   30.6,18USC922(g),andtheAnnotationsandCommentsfollowingthatinstruction.  h  ΣX  XXor@uu, 6.5 X @''(Impeachment B @  InconsistentStatementAndFelonyConviction , @ (DefendantTestifiesWithNoFelonyConviction)    ` Youshouldalsoaskyourselfwhethertherewasevidencetending f toprovethatawitnesstestifiedfalselyconcerningsomeimportantfact;  :  or,whethertherewasevidencethatatsomeothertimeawitnesssaid f   ordidsomething,orfailedtosayordosomething,whichwasdifferent :  fromthetestimonythewitnessgavebeforeyouduringthetrial.    ` Thefactthatawitnesshasbeenconvictedofafelonyoffense,or  acrimeinvolvingdishonestyorfalsestatement,isanotherfactoryou ^ mayconsiderindecidingwhetheryoubelievethatwitness. 2  ` Youshouldkeepinmind,ofcourse,thatasimplemistakebya ^ witnessdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthewitnesswasnottellingthe 2 truthasheorsheremembersit,becausepeoplenaturallytendtoforget  somethingsorrememberotherthingsinaccurately.So,ifawitness  hasmadeamisstatement,youneedtoconsiderwhetheritwassimply V aninnocentlapseofmemoryoranintentionalfalsehood;andthe  *! significanceofthatmaydependonwhetherithastodowithan V"# importantfactorwithonlyanunimportantdetail. *$!%  ` ADefendanthasarightnottotestify.IfaDefendantdoestestify, %#' however,youshoulddecideinthesamewayasthatofanyother 'z%) witnesswhetheryoubelievetheDefendant'stestimony.  )N'+ BOY@uu, 6.6 X @''(Impeachment B @  InconsistentStatementAndFelonyConviction , @f f (DefendantTestifiesWithFelonyConviction)    ` Youshouldalsoaskyourselfwhethertherewasevidencetending f toprovethatawitnesstestifiedfalselyconcerningsomeimportantfact;  :  or,whethertherewasevidencethatatsomeothertimeawitnesssaid f   ordidsomething,orfailedtosayordosomething,whichwasdifferent :  fromthetestimonyheorshegavebeforeyouduringthetrial.    ` Thefactthatawitnesshasbeenconvictedofafelonyoffense,or  acrimeinvolvingdishonestyorfalsestatement,isanotherfactoryou ^ mayconsiderindecidingwhetheryoubelievethatwitness. 2  ` Youshouldkeepinmind,ofcourse,thatasimplemistakebya ^ witnessdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthewitnesswasnottellingthe 2 truthasheorsheremembersit,becausepeoplenaturallytendtoforget  somethingsorrememberotherthingsinaccurately.So,ifawitness  hasmadeamisstatement,youneedtoconsiderwhetheritwassimply V aninnocentlapseofmemoryoranintentionalfalsehood;andthe  *! significanceofthatmaydependonwhetherithastodowithan V"# importantfactorwithonlyanunimportantdetail. *$!%  ` ADefendanthasarightnottotestify.IfaDefendantdoestestify, %#' however,youshoulddecideinthesamewayasthatofanyother 'z%) witnesswhetheryoubelievetheDefendant'stestimony.[Evidenceof )N'+ aDefendant'spreviousconvictionofacrimeistobeconsideredbyyou z+")- onlyindecidingwhetheryoubelieveordisbelievetheDefendantasa N-*/ BOY BX B  witness,andmustneverbeconsideredasevidenceofguiltofthe  crime(s)forwhichtheDefendantisontrial.]  #Xo X ̨# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS  H  UnitedStatesv.Lippner,676F.2d456,462n.11(11thCir.1982),itisplainerror   nottogivealimitinginstruction(suchasthelastsentenceofthisinstruction)when h  aDefendantisimpeachedasawitnessunderRule609,FIRE.,bycross 0  examinationconcerningapriorconviction)(citingUnitedStatesv.Diaz,585F.2d H  116(5thCir.1978)).   If,however,evidenceofaDefendant'spriorconvictionisadmittedforother P purposesunderRule404(b),FIRE.,thelastsentenceofthisinstructionshouldnot h begiven.See,instead,TrialInstruction3andSpecialInstruction4. 0 Similarly,thelastsentenceofthisinstructionshouldnotbegivenifevidenceofa p Defendant'spriorconvictionisadmittedbecausetheexistenceofsuchaconviction 8 isanessentialelementofthecrimecharged.See,forexample,OffenseInstruction P 30.6,18USC922(g),andtheAnnotationsandCommentsfollowingthat  instruction.   X  XXo@uu, 6.7 X @''(Impeachment B @[ [ BadReputation(OrOpinion)ConcerningTruthfulness , @(MayBeUsedWith6.16.6)    ` Theremayalsobeevidencetendingtoshowthatawitnesshas f abadreputationfortruthfulnessinthecommunitywherethewitness  :  resides,orhasrecentlyresided;orthatothershaveanunfavorable f   opinionofthetruthfulnessofthewitness. :   ` Youmayconsiderthosemattersalsoindecidingwhetherto   believeordisbelievesuchawitness.  #Xo X # ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   8 ` Rule608.[FIRE.]EvidenceofCharacterandConductofWitnessF` `  8 `  (a)Opinionandreputationevidenceofcharacter.The  credibilityofawitnessmaybeattackedorsupportedbyevidencein ~ theformofopinionorreputation,butsubjecttotheselimitations:(1) F theevidencemayreferonlytocharacterfortruthfulnessor f untruthfulness,and(2)evidenceoftruthfulcharacterisadmissible . onlyafterthecharacterofthewitnessfortruthfulnesshasbeen   attackedbyopinionorreputationevidenceorotherwise.f!` `  SeeUnitedStatesv.Watson,669F.2d1374,13811383(11thCir.1982) N!# distinguishingbetweenreputationwitnessesandpersonalopinionwitnesses,and "$ findingerrorintheexclusionofopiniontestimony. " % Seealso,SpecialInstruction11,CharacterEvidence(relatingtoevidenceofthe n$"' characteroftheaccusedofferedunderRule404(a)(1),FIRE.),andtheAnnotations 6%"( andCommentsfollowingthatinstruction.  %#)   XXo@- 7 X @II%ExpertWitnesses  B  ` Whenknowledgeofatechnicalsubjectmattermightbehelpfulto | thejury,apersonhavingspecialtrainingorexperienceinthattechnical  P fieldispermittedtostateanopinionconcerningthosetechnicalmatters. | $   ` Merelybecausesuchawitnesshasexpressedanopinion, P  however,doesnotmeanthatyoumustacceptthatopinion.Thesame $  aswithanyotherwitness,itisuptoyoutodecidewhethertorelyupon  it. t #Xo X p# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   UnitedStatesv.Johnson,575F.2d1347,1361(5thCir.1978),cert.denied,440 0 U.S.907,99S.Ct.1214,59L.Ed.2d454(1979)approvedtheCommittee'sformer  versionofthisinstruction.  h   XXo@- 8 X @. . IntroductionToOffenseInstructions B @PP#(InConspiracyCases)  ,  ` AtthistimeIwillexplaintheindictmentwhichcharges򀀀 | separateoffensescalled"counts."Iwillnotreadittoyouatlength  P becauseyouwillbegivenacopyoftheindictmentforreferenceduring | $  yourdeliberations. P   ` Insummary,Count򀀀chargesthattheDefendantsknowingly $  andwillfullyconspiredtogetherto[describeallegedobject(s)ofthe  conspiracy].Counts򀀀,respectively,chargethe t commissionofwhatarereferredtoassubstantiveoffenses,namelythat H theDefendants[describeallegedsubstantiveoffenses].Iwillexplain t thelawgoverningthosesubstantiveoffensesinamoment. H  ` First,however,astoCount򀀀,youwillnotethatthe  DefendantsarenotchargedinthatCountwithcommittingasubstantive  offense;rather,theyarechargedwithhavingconspiredtodoso.  l QOY@uu, 9.1 X @ OnOrAboutKnowinglyWillfully  B  ` Youwillnotethattheindictmentchargesthattheoffensewas  committed"onorabout"acertaindate.TheGovernmentdoesnothave f toprovewithcertaintytheexactdateoftheallegedoffense.Itis  :  sufficientiftheGovernmentprovesbeyondareasonabledoubtthatthe f   offensewascommittedonadatereasonablynearthedatealleged. :   ` Theword"knowingly,"asthattermisusedintheindictmentorin   theseinstructions,meansthattheactwasdonevoluntarilyand  intentionallyandnotbecauseofmistakeoraccident. ^  ` Theword"willfully,"asthattermisusedintheindictmentorin 2 theseinstructions,meansthattheactwascommittedvoluntarilyand ^ purposely,withthespecificintenttodosomethingthelawforbids;that 2 iswithbadpurposeeithertodisobeyordisregardthelaw.  =#Xo X # ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   r! UnitedStatesv.Creamer,721F.2d342,343(11thCir.1983),"onorabout" "# $ languageupheldincaseinwhichalibidefensewasusedbytheDefendant;the #!% court"rejectedthecontentionthattimebecomesamaterialelementofacriminal $Z"& offensemerelybecausethedefenseofalibiisadvanced."SeealsoUnitedStates z%"#' v.Reed,887F.2d1398(11thCir.1989),reh'gdenied,891F.2d907(1989),cert. B&#( denied,493U.S.1080,110S.Ct.1136,107L.Ed.2d1041(1990).  '$) UnitedStatesv.Diecidue,603F.2d535,548(5thCir.1979),cert.denied,445U.S. (B&+ 946,100S.Ct.1345,63L.Ed.2d781(1980),andcert.denied,446U.S.912,100 b) ', S.Ct.1842,64L.Ed.2d266(1980)approvedthesedefinitionsofknowinglyand **'- willfullyassufficientinstructionsonissueofintent.SeealsoUnitedStatesv. *(. Kerley,643F.2d299(5thCir.1981). +b)/   ,**0 QOY! QX Q  UnitedStatesv.Kelly,615F.2d378(5thCir.1980)approvedrefusaltoamplify  "willfulness"instructionforthepurposeofemphasizingspecificintent,criminal x motiveorguiltymind. @  UnitedStatesv.RestrepoGranda,575F.2d524(5thCir.1978),reh'gdenied,579   F.2d644(1978),cert.denied,439U.S.935,99S.Ct.331,58L.Ed.2d332(1978),  reh'gdenied,439U.S.1104,99S.Ct.885,59L.Ed.2d65(1979);UnitedStatesv. `  Batencort,592F.2d916(5thCir.1979),instructionon"deliberateignorance"as ( x equivalentofknowledgemaybegivenasasupplementtothestandardchargein  @ anappropriatecase.SeeSpecialInstruction8.    UnitedStatesv.Stone,9F.3d934,937(11thCir.1993),reh'gdenied,19F.3d1448 H   (11thCir.1994),cert.denied,115S.Ct.111,130L.Ed.2d58(1994),"deliberate `  ignorance"instructionappropriateonlywhenevidenceintherecordshowsthatthe (  Defendantpurposelycontrivedtoavoidlearningthetruth.UnitedStatesv.Arias,   984F.2d1139(11thCir.1993),cert.denied,508U.S.979,113S.Ct.2979,125 h  L.Ed.2d676(1993),andcert.denied,113S.Ct.3062,125L.Ed.2d744(1993) 0  approveddeliberateignoranceinstructionwhendrugcouriersavoidedknowledge H  ofcontentoftheirparcels.SeealsoUnitedStatesv.Rivera,944F.2d1563,1570  72(11thCir.1991);Batencort,supra,andSpecialInstruction8,infra.  UnitedStatesv.CorralMartinez,592F.2d263(5thCir.1979),ModelPenalCode h definitionofknowledgeheldnottobeplainerrorwhengivenasaninstruction,i.e., 0 "proofthatDefendantwasawareofthehighprobabilitythatthesubstancehe  possessedwasheroin[sufficestoproveknowledge]unlessheactuallybelievesit p wasnotheroin." 8 UnitedStatesv.Benson,592F.2d257(5thCir.1979);UnitedStatesv.Warren,  612F.2d887(5thCir.1980),cert.denied,446U.S.956,100S.Ct.2928,64  L.Ed.2d815(1980)approvedinstructioninataxevasioncaseandacurrency X reportingcase,respectively,defining"willfulness"tomeanthe"voluntaryand  p intentionalviolationofaknownlegalduty;"UnitedStatesv.Pomponio,429U.S. 8 10,97S.Ct.22,50L.Ed.2d12(1976),reh'gdenied,429U.S.987,97S.Ct.510,50   L.Ed.2d600(1976).SeeSpecialInstruction9,infra. x! Otherinstructionsaresometimesgivenconcerningspecifictypesofevidenceas  X# givingrisetoaninferenceofguiltyknowledge,andsomesuchinstructionshave  $ beenapproved(asindicatedbelow),buttheCommitteerecommendsthat, !% ordinarily,thosesubjectsshouldbelefttotheargumentofcounselandshouldnot `"& beaddressedintheCourt'scharge. (#x' UnitedStatesv.Stewart,579F.2d356(5thCir.1978),cert.denied,439U.S.936, $ ) 99S.Ct.332,58L.Ed.2d332(1978)approvedinstructiononflightandconcealment % * asjustifyinginferenceofguiltyknowledge. H&!+ UnitedStatesv.Barresi,601F.2d193(5thCir.1979)approvedinstruction '(#- concerningproofoffalsityofDefendant'sexplanationasevidenceofguilty (#. knowledge;seealsoUnitedStatesv.Broadwell,870F.2d594,601n.17(11thCir. h)$/ 1989),cert.denied,493U.S.840,110S.Ct.125,107L.Ed.2d85(1989). 0*%0 UnitedStatesv.Knight,607F.2d1172(5thCir.1979)approvedinstruction +'2 concerninginferencewhichmightbedrawnfromrefusalofDefendanttoobeyorder ,'3 requiringsubmissionofhandwritingexemplar. P-(4  .h)5 UnitedStatesv.Castell,584F.2d87(5thCir.1978),cert.denied,440U.S.925,99  S.Ct.1256,59L.Ed.2d480(1979);UnitedStatesv.Duckett,583F.2d1309(5th x Cir.1978)approvedinstructionconcerninginferenceofguiltyknowledgewhich @ mightbedrawnfrompossessionofrecentlystolenproperty. X But,UnitedStatesv.Chiantese,560F.2d1244,1255(5thCir.1977)(enbanc)  disapprovedinstructiontotheeffectthat,absentevidencetothecontrary,aperson `  ispresumedtointendthenaturalandprobableconsequencesofhisorheracts.  ( x X  XXo@uu, 9.2 X @ OnOrAboutKnowingly(Only) B @  (WhenWillfulnessOrSpecificIntentIsNotAnElement)  ,  ` Youwillnotethattheindictmentchargesthattheoffensewas | committed"onorabout"acertaindate.TheGovernmentdoesnothave  P toprovewithcertaintytheexactdateoftheallegedoffense.Itis | $  sufficientiftheGovernmentprovesbeyondareasonabledoubtthatthe P  offensewascommittedonadatereasonablynearthedatealleged. $   ` Theword"knowingly,"asthattermhasbeenusedinthe  indictmentorintheseinstructions,meansthattheactwasdone t voluntarilyandintentionallyandnotbecauseofmistakeoraccident. H #Xo X # ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS  d  UnitedStatesv.Creamer,721F.2d342,343(11thCir.1983),"onorabout" d languageupheldincaseinwhichalibidefensewasusedbytheDefendant;the , court"rejectedthecontentionthattimebecomesamaterialelementofacriminal L offensemerelybecausethedefenseofalibiisadvanced."SeealsoUnitedStates   v.Reed,887F.2d1398(11thCir.1989),reh'gdenied,891F.2d907(1989),cert. ! denied,493U.S.1080,110S.Ct.1136,107L.Ed.2d1041(1990).   L"   XXo@44+ 10.1 X @"CautionPunishment B @ (SingleDefendantSingleCount)  ,  ` Icautionyou,membersoftheJury,thatyouareheretodetermine | fromtheevidenceinthiscasewhethertheDefendantisguiltyornot  P guilty.TheDefendantisontrialonlyforthespecificoffenseallegedin | $  theindictment. P   ` Also,thequestionofpunishmentshouldneverbeconsideredby $  thejuryinanywayindecidingthecase.IftheDefendantisconvicted  thematterofpunishmentisfortheJudgealonetodeterminelater. t #Xo X # ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS  8 UnitedStatesv.McDonald,935F.2d1212,1222(11thCir.1991)approvedthis  instruction.  X T  XXo@44+ 10.2 X @"CautionPunishment B @ (SingleDefendantMultipleCounts)  ,  ` Aseparatecrimeoroffenseischargedineachcountofthe | indictment.Eachchargeandtheevidencepertainingtoitshouldbe  P consideredseparately.ThefactthatyoumayfindtheDefendantguilty | $  ornotguiltyastooneoftheoffenseschargedshouldnotaffectyour P  verdictastoanyotheroffensecharged. $   ` Icautionyou,membersoftheJury,thatyouareheretodetermine  fromtheevidenceinthiscasewhethertheDefendantisguiltyornot t guilty.TheDefendantisontrialonlyforthosespecificoffensesalleged H intheindictment. t  ` Also,thequestionofpunishmentshouldneverbeconsideredby H thejuryinanywayindecidingthecase.IftheDefendantisconvicted  thematterofpunishmentisfortheJudgealonetodeterminelater.  Y#Xo X :# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS  !\" Theremaybecasesinwhichthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphofthis  $!% instructionisinappropriateandshouldbedeleted.Thismayoccur,forexample,in $|"& prosecutionsunder18USC1962(RICOoffenses)or21USC848(Continuing %D#' CriminalEnterpriseoffenses)wheretheindictmentisstructuredsothataconviction d& $( ofonecountorcounts(sometimescalled"predicateoffenses")isnecessarytoa ,'$) convictionofanothercountorcounts.  '%*   XXo@44+ 10.3 X @"CautionPunishment B @ (MultipleDefendantsSingleCount)  ,  ` ThecaseofeachDefendantandtheevidencepertainingtoeach | Defendantshouldbeconsideredseparatelyandindividually.Thefact  P thatyoumayfindanyoneoftheDefendantsguiltyornotguiltyshould | $  notaffectyourverdictastoanyotherDefendant. P   ` Icautionyou,membersoftheJury,thatyouareheretodetermine $  fromtheevidenceinthiscasewhethereachDefendantisguiltyornot  guilty.EachDefendantisontrialonlyforthespecificoffensealleged t intheindictment. H  ` Also,thequestionofpunishmentshouldneverbeconsideredby t thejuryinanywayindecidingthecase.IfaDefendantisconvictedthe H matterofpunishmentisfortheJudgealonetodeterminelater.  I#Xo X *# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS    UnitedStatesv.Gonzalez,940F.2d1413,1428(11thCir.1991),cert.denied,112 8"# S.Ct.910,116L.Ed.2d810(1992),andcert.denied,112S.Ct.1194,117L.Ed.2d # $ 435(1992)statesthat"cautionaryinstructionstothejurytoconsidertheevidence #p!% astoeachdefendantseparatelyarepresumedtoguardadequatelyagainst $8"& prejudice."SeealsoUnitedStatesv.Adams,1F.3d1566(11thCir.1993),reh'g X%#' denied,9F.3d1561(1993),cert.denied,114S.Ct.1310,127L.Ed.2d660(1994),  &#( andcert.denied,114S.Ct.1330,127L.Ed.2d667(1994). &$) UnitedStatesv.Watson,669F.2d1374,1389(11thCir.1982)alloweduseof x( &+ singleverdictformformultipledefendantswhentheformlistedeachdefendant @)&, separatelyandjurywasinstructedthateachdefendant"shouldbeconsidered *'- separatelyandindividually."SeealsoUnitedStatesv.Russo,796F.2d1443,1450 *x(. (11thCir.1986).  +@)/ 2   XXo@44+ 10.4 X @"CautionPunishment B @S S (MultipleDefendantsMultipleCounts)  ,  ` Aseparatecrimeoroffenseischargedagainstoneormoreofthe | Defendantsineachcountoftheindictment.Eachcharge,andthe  P evidencepertainingtoit,shouldbeconsideredseparately.Also,the | $  caseofeachDefendantshouldbeconsideredseparatelyand P  individually.Thefactthatyoumayfindanyoneormoreofthe $  Defendantsguiltyornotguiltyofanyoftheoffenseschargedshouldnot  affectyourverdictastoanyotheroffenseoranyotherDefendant. t  ` Icautionyou,membersoftheJury,thatyouareheretodetermine H fromtheevidenceinthiscasewhethereachDefendantisguiltyornot t guilty.EachDefendantisontrialonlyforthespecificoffensealleged H intheindictment.   ` Also,thequestionofpunishmentshouldneverbeconsideredby  thejuryinanywayindecidingthecase.IfaDefendantisconvictedthe l matterofpunishmentisfortheJudgealonetodeterminelater. @  c#Xo X D# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS  \%#& UnitedStatesv.Morales,868F.2d1562,1572(11thCir.1989)approvedthis '\%) instruction. |($&* Theremaybecasesinwhichthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphofthis  *', instructionisinappropriateandshouldbedeleted.Thismayoccur,forexample,in *|(- prosecutionsunder18USC1962(RICOoffenses)or21USC848(Continuing +D). CriminalEnterpriseoffenses)wheretheindictmentisstructuredsothataconviction d, */ ofonecountorcounts(sometimescalled"predicateoffenses")isnecessarytoa ,-*0 convictionofanothercountorcounts.  -+1 `  XXo@, 11 X @$DutyToDeliberate  B  ` Anyverdictyoureachinthejuryroom,whetherguiltyornotguilty,  mustbeunanimous.Inotherwords,toreturnaverdictyoumustall f agree.Yourdeliberationswillbesecret;youwillneverhavetoexplain  :  yourverdicttoanyone. f    ` Itisyourdutyasjurorstodiscussthecasewithoneanotherinan :  efforttoreachagreementifyoucandoso.Eachofyoumustdecide   thecaseforyourself,butonlyafterfullconsiderationoftheevidence  withtheothermembersofthejury.Whileyouarediscussingthecase ^ donothesitatetoreexamineyourownopinionandchangeyourmind 2 ifyoubecomeconvincedthatyouwerewrong.Butdonotgiveupyour ^ honestbeliefssolelybecausetheothersthinkdifferentlyormerelyto 2 getthecaseoverwith.   ` Remember,thatinaveryrealwayyouarejudgesjudgesofthe  facts.Youronlyinterestistoseekthetruthfromtheevidenceinthe V case.  *! #Xo X # ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS  &6$' UnitedStatesv.Brokemond,959F.2d206,209(11thCir.1992)approvedthis (&* instruction.SeealsoUnitedStatesv.Cook,586F.2d572(5thCir.1978),reh'g )V'+ denied,589F.2d1114(1979),cert.denied,442U.S.909,99S.Ct.2821,61 v*(, L.Ed.2d274(1979);UnitedStatesv.Dunbar,590F.2d1340(5thCir.1979).  >+(- V  XXo@, 12 X @*Verdict  B  ` Whenyougotothejuryroomyoushouldfirstselectoneofyour  memberstoactasyourforeperson.Theforepersonwillpresideover f yourdeliberationsandwillspeakforyouhereincourt.  :   ` Aformofverdicthasbeenpreparedforyourconvenience. f   @%[Explainverdict]    ` Youwilltaketheverdictformtothejuryroomandwhenyouhave ^ reachedunanimousagreementyouwillhaveyourforepersonfillinthe 2 verdictform,dateandsignit,andthenreturntothecourtroom. ^  ` Ifyoushoulddesiretocommunicatewithmeatanytime,please 2 writedownyourmessageorquestionandpassthenotetothemarshal  whowillbringittomyattention.Iwillthenrespondaspromptlyas  possible,eitherinwritingorbyhavingyoureturnedtothecourtroomso V thatIcanaddressyouorally.Icautionyou,however,withregardtoany  *! messageorquestionyoumightsend,thatyoushouldnottellmeyour V"# numericaldivisionatthetime.  *$!%  X#Xo X e # ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   UnitedStatesv.Norton,867F.2d1354,136566(11thCir.1989),cert.denied,491 X U.S.907,109S.Ct.3192,105L.Ed.2d701(1989)and493U.S.871,110S.Ct.   200,107L.Ed.2d154(1989)notesthattheCourtshouldnotinquireabout,or  disclose,numericaldivisionofthejuryduringdeliberationsbutstatesthat"[r]eversal `  maynotbenecessaryevenwherethetrialjudgeundertakestheinquiryand ( x thereafterfollowsitwithanAllencharge,absentashowingthateitherincidentor  @ acombinationofthetwowasinherentlycoercive."Also,UnitedStatesv.    Brokemond,959F.2d206,209(11thCir.1992)approvedthisinstruction.Seealso    UnitedStatesv.Cook,586F.2d572(5thCir.1978),reh'gdenied,589F.2d1114 H   (1979),cert.denied,442U.S.909,99S.Ct.2821,61L.Ed.2d274(1979).  `  u&  XXoX@) INDEXTO X @#SPECIALINSTRUCTIONS  f ̀Instruction : ЀNumber $   SPECIALINSTRUCTIONS1THROUGH5  SHOULDBEUSED,ASAPPROPRIATE,  t AFTERBASICINSTRUCTION7  ^    , ` 1 .1  AccompliceInformerImmunity x  39 t    `  .2  AccompliceCoDefendant H   `    PleaAgreement   p      x  40 2   `  .3  AccompliceAddictiveDrugs   `    Immunity     p      x  41   ` 2 .1  ConfessionStatement V  `    (SingleDefendant) p      x  42 @  `  .2  ConfessionStatement l  `    (MultipleDefendants) p      x  43 V  ` 3   IdentificationTestimony     x  44   ` 4   SimilarActsEvidence(Rule404(b),FRE) 46 d   ` 5   Notetaking(Forinclusioninfinalcharge z"" #  `    whennotetakinghasbeenpermitted) x  48 d# !$    SPECIALINSTRUCTIONS6THROUGH11 "&#' SHOULDBEUSED,ASAPPROPRIATE,  '$( AFTERTHEOFFENSEINSTRUCTIONS  '%) 2 ` 6   Possession   p      x  49 *\(,  ` 7   AidingAndAbetting r-+/  `    (Agency)(18USC2)     x  50 \.,0 , ` @) INDEXTO X @#SPECIALINSTRUCTIONS B @)Continued  , ̀Instruction  ЀNumber   ` 8   DeliberateIgnorance  P  `    (AsProofOfKnowledge)     x  52  :   ` 9   IntentionalViolationOfA P   `    KnownLegalDuty :   `    (AsProofOfWillfulness)     x  54 $   ` 10   LesserIncludedOffense(s)   `    AndSentenceEnhancers     x  55 t  ` 11   Attempt(s)     p      x  57 2  `     h       SPECIALINSTRUCTIONS12THROUGH18 2 OROTHERTHEORYOFDEFENSEINSTRUCTIONS,  SHOULDBEUSEDASAPPROPRIATEAFTERTHE  OFFENSEINSTRUCTIONS   9 ` 12   CharacterEvidence p      x  59 @   ` 13 .1  Entrapment   p      x  60 V"#  `  .2  EntrapmentEvaluating *$!%  `    ConductOfGovernmentAgents   x  62 %"&  ` 14   Alibi h      p      x  64 'z%)  ` 15   Insanity     p      x  65 *8(,  ` 16   DuressAndCoercion p      x  67 N-*/  `    (JustificationOrNecessity)  8.+0  ` @) INDEXTO X @#SPECIALINSTRUCTIONS B @)Continued ,  ̀Instruction  ЀNumber  , ` 17   GoodFaithDefenseToCharge  P  `    OfIntentToDefraud p      x  69  :   ` 18   GoodFaithRelianceUpon P   `    AdviceOfCounsel p      x  71 :  , Note :0 Therecanbecasesinwhichtheevidencearguably  supports,andtheDefendantmayrelyupon,somespecific  theoryofdefenseotherthanthetraditionaldefenses  coveredbySpecialInstructions11through17.Insuch  cases,uponappropriaterequest,theoryofdefense  instructionsrelatingtomaterialfactualissuesarisingfrom  theevidencemustbegiven.UnitedStatesv.Conroy,589  F.2d1258,1273(5thCir.1979);UnitedStatesv.Lewis,  592F.2d1282(5thCir.1979);UnitedStatesv.Sirang,70  F.3d588(11thCir.1995)(Adefendantisentitledtoa  specificinstructiononhistheoryofdefense,notanabstract  orgeneralone).However,thecourtisnotrequiredtogive  atheoryofdefenseinstructionthatmerelyrecitesa  defendant's"notguilty"positionanddiscussesthe  sufficiencyorinsufficiencyoftheevidenceorargumentative  inferencesthatmightormightnotbedrawnfromthe   evidence.UnitedStatesv.Malatesta,583F.2d748(5th !  Cir.1978),cert.denied,444U.S.846,100S.Ct.91,62  "! L.Ed.2d59(1978);UnitedStatesv.Barham,595F.2d231  # " (5thCir.1979),cert.denied,450U.S.1002,101S.Ct.  $!# 1711,68L.Ed.2d205(1981).SeealsoUnitedStatesv.  %"$ Williams,728F.2d1402(11thCir.1984)(citingMalatesta  &#% forthesameproposition)andUnitedStatesv.Paradies,98 '$& F.3d1266(11thCir.1996)(citingBarhamforthesame (%' proposition). )&( (# (# @uu, 1.1 X @J J AccompliceInformerImmunity  B  ` Thetestimonyofsomewitnessesmustbeconsideredwithmore  cautionthanthetestimonyofotherwitnesses. f  ` Forexample,apaidinformer,orawitnesswhohasbeen  :  promisedthatheorshewillnotbechargedorprosecuted,orawitness f   whohopestogainmorefavorabletreatmentinhisorherowncase, :  mayhaveareasontomakeafalsestatementbecausethewitness   wantstostrikeagoodbargainwiththeGovernment.   ` So,whileawitnessofthatkindmaybeentirelytruthfulwhen ^ testifying,youshouldconsiderthattestimonywithmorecautionthanthe 2 testimonyofotherwitnesses. ^ #Xo X *# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   UnitedStatesv.Shearer,794F.2d1545,1551(11thCir.1986)approvedsimilar 2  instruction.SeealsoUnitedStatesv.Solomon,856F.2d1572(11thCir.1988), ! cert.denied,489U.S.1070,109S.Ct.1352,103L.Ed.2d820(1989)(holdingthat,  j" asageneralrule,acautionaryinstructionregardingthecredibilityofaccomplices !2# shouldbegiven). R"$ M  # %   XXo   1.2 X P@ AccompliceCoDefendantPleaAgreement  B  ` Thetestimonyofsomewitnessesmustbeconsideredwithmore | cautionthanthetestimonyofotherwitnesses.  P  ` InthiscasetheGovernmentcalledasoneofitswitnessesa | $  personnamedasacoDefendantintheindictment,withwhomthe P  Governmenthasenteredintoapleaagreementprovidingforthe $  possibilityofalessersentencethanthewitnesswouldotherwisebe  exposedto.Suchpleabargaining,asit'scalled,hasbeenapprovedas t lawfulandproper,andisexpresslyprovidedforintherulesofthis H Court.However,awitnesswhohopestogainmorefavorabletreatment t mayhaveareasontomakeafalsestatementbecausethewitness H wantstostrikeagoodbargainwiththeGovernment.So,whilea  witnessofthatkindmaybeentirelytruthfulwhentestifying,youshould  considersuchtestimonywithmorecautionthanthetestimonyofother l witnesses. @   ` And,ofcourse,thefactthatawitnesshaspleadguiltytothe l!" crimechargedintheindictmentisnotevidence,inandofitself,ofthe @# $ guiltofanyotherperson. %"& #Xo X O# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS  (d&* UnitedStatesv.Solomon,856F.2d1572,157879(11thCir.1988),cert.denied, L*', 489U.S.1070,109S.Ct.1352,103L.Ed.2d820(1989)approvedsimilar +(- instruction.  +). iV  XXo@uu, 1.3 X @ AccompliceAddictiveDrugsImmunity  B  ` Thetestimonyofsomewitnessesmustbeconsideredwithmore | cautionthanthetestimonyofotherwitnesses.  P  ` Forexample,awitnesswhowasusingaddictivedrugsduringthe | $  timeheorshetestifiedaboutmayhaveanimpairedmemory P  concerningtheeventsthatoccurredduringthattime.Also,awitness $  whohasbeenpromisedthatheorshewillnotbechargedor  prosecuted,orawitnesswhohopestogainmorefavorabletreatment t inhisorherowncase,mayhaveareasontomakeafalsestatement H becausethewitnesswantstostrikeagoodbargainwiththe t Government. H  ` So,whileawitnessofthatkindmaybeentirelytruthfulwhen  testifying,youshouldconsiderthattestimonywithmorecautionthanthe  testimonyofotherwitnesses. l #Xo X W# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS  @# $ UnitedStatesv.Fajardo,787F.2d1523,1527(11thCir.1986)approvedthis %@#' instruction.SeealsoUnitedStatesv.Solomon,856F.2d1572(11thCir.1988), `&$( cert.denied,489U.S.1070,109S.Ct.1352,103L.Ed.2d820(1989)(holdingthat, ('$) asageneralrule,acautionaryinstructionregardingthecredibilityofaccomplices '%* shouldbegiven).  (`&+ \  XXo@uu, 2.1 X @!ConfessionStatement B @$(SingleDefendant)  ,  ` WhentheGovernmentofferstestimonyorevidencethata | Defendantmadeastatementoradmissiontosomeone,afterbeing  P arrestedordetained,thejuryshouldconsidertheevidenceconcerning | $  suchastatementwithcautionandgreatcare. P   ` Itisforyoutodecide(1)whethertheDefendantmadethe $  statementand(2)ifso,howmuchweighttogivetoit.Inmakingthese  decisionsyoushouldconsideralloftheevidenceaboutthestatement, t includingthecircumstancesunderwhichtheDefendantmayhavemade H it. t  #Xo X ^#ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   UnitedStatesv.Clemons,32F.3d1504,1510(11thCir.1994),cert.denied,115 H S.Ct.1801,131L.Ed.2d728(1995)approvedsimilarinstruction.    b  XXo@uu, 2.2 X @!ConfessionStatement B @rr#(MultipleDefendants)  ,  ` WhentheGovernmentofferstestimonyorevidencethata | Defendantmadeastatementoradmissiontosomeone,afterbeing  P arrestedordetained,thejuryshouldconsidertheevidenceconcerning | $  suchastatementwithcautionandgreatcare. P   ` Itisforyoutodecide(1)whethertheDefendantmadethe $  statementand(2)ifso,howmuchweighttogivetoit.Inmakingthese  decisionsyoushouldconsideralloftheevidenceaboutthestatement, t includingthecircumstancesunderwhichtheDefendantmayhavemade H it. t  ` Ofcourse,anysuchstatementshouldnotbeconsideredinany H waywhateverasevidencewithrespecttoanyotherDefendantontrial.   SOY@- 3 X @!IdentificationTestimony  B  ` InanycriminalcasetheGovernmentmustprove,ofcourse,the  identityoftheDefendantasthepersonwhocommittedthealleged f crime.  :   ` WhenawitnesspointsoutandidentifiesaDefendantasthe f   personwhocommittedacrime,youmustfirstdecide,aswithanyother :  witness,whetherthatwitnessistellingthetruth.Then,ifyoubelieve   thewitnesswastruthful,youmuststilldecidehowaccuratethe  identificationwas.Again,Isuggestthatyouaskyourselfanumberof ^ questions:Didthewitnesshaveanadequateopportunityatthetimeof 2 thecrimetoobservethepersoninquestion?Whatlengthoftimedid ^ thewitnesshavetoobservetheperson?Whatweretheprevailing 2 conditionsatthattimeintermsofvisibilityordistanceandthelike?  Hadthewitnessknownorobservedthepersonatearliertimes?   ` Youmayalsoconsiderthecircumstancessurroundingthelater V identificationitselfincluding,forexample,themannerinwhichthe  *! Defendantwaspresentedtothewitnessforidentification,andthe V"# lengthoftimethatelapsedbetweentheincidentinquestionandthe *$!% witness'identificationoftheDefendant. %#'  ` Afterexaminingallofthetestimonyandevidenceinthecase,if 'z%) youhaveareasonabledoubtastotheidentityoftheDefendantasthe )N'+ perpetratoroftheoffensecharged,youmustfindtheDefendantnot z+")- guilty. N-*/ SOY4 SX S  #Xo X c# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   UnitedStatesv.Martinez,763F.2d1297,1304(11thCir.1985)approvedthis X instruction.    pX  XXoTOY@- 4 X @TT#SimilarActsEvidence B @))$(Rule404(b),FRE)  ,  ` Duringthecourseofthetrial,asyouknowfromtheinstructions | Igaveyouthen,youheardevidenceofactsoftheDefendantwhich  P maybesimilartothosechargedintheindictment,butwhichwere | $  committedonotheroccasions.Youmustnotconsideranyofthis P  evidenceindecidingiftheDefendantcommittedtheactschargedinthe $  indictment.However,youmayconsiderthisevidenceforother,very  limited,purposes. t  ` Ifyoufindbeyondareasonabledoubtfromotherevidenceinthis H casethattheDefendantdidcommittheactschargedintheindictment, t thenyoumayconsiderevidenceofthesimilaractsallegedlycommitted H onotheroccasionstodetermine   ` [whethertheDefendanthadthestateofmindorintentnecessary l tocommitthecrimechargedintheindictment] @  @,or l!"  ` [whethertheDefendantactedaccordingtoaplanorin @# $ preparationforcommissionofacrime] %"& @,or &$(  ` [whethertheDefendantcommittedtheactsforwhichthe (d&* Defendantisontrialbyaccidentormistake]. *8(,  8.+0 TOY6 TX T  #Xo X q# ANNOTATIONSANDCOMMENTS   8 ` Rule404.[FRE]CharacterEvidenceNotAdmissibleToProve X Conduct;Exceptions;OtherCrimes ` `  @uu'***** `  8 `  (b)Othercrimes,wrongs,oracts.Evidenceofothercrimes,  @ wrongs,oractsisnotadmissibletoprovethecharacterofaperson    inordertoshowactioninconformitytherewith.Itmay,however,be    admissibleforotherpurposes,suchasproofofmotive,opportunity, H   intent,preparation,plan,knowledge,identity,orabsenceofmistake `  oraccident,providedthatuponrequestbytheaccused,the (  prosecutioninacriminalcaseshallprovidereasonablenoticein   advanceoftrial,orduringtrialifthecourtexcusespretrialnoticeon h  goodcauseshown,ofthegeneralnatureofanysuchevidenceit 0  intendstointroduceattrial.H ` `  UnitedStatesv.Beechum,582F.2d898(5thCir.1978)(enbanc)cert.denied,440  U.S.920,99S.Ct.1244,59L.Ed.2d472(1979),discussesatlengththeteststobe P appliedinadmittingorexcludingevidenceunderRule404(b);and,more h specifically,thedifferentstandardsthatapplydependinguponthepurposeofthe 0 evidence,i.e.,toshowintentversusidentity,forexample.Seenote15atpages  911912.Beechumalsoapprovesalimitinginstructionsimilartothisone.Seenote p 23atpages917918. 8 BoththeSupremeCourtandtheEleventhCircuithaveexpresslyendorsedthe  Beechumtest.Huddlestonv.UnitedStates,485U.S.681,108S.Ct.1496,99  L.Ed.2d771(1988);UnitedStatesv.Miller,959F.2d1535(11thCir.1992)(en X banc),cert.denied,506U.S.942,113S.Ct.382,121L.Ed.2d292(1992).   p xX  XXo@- 5 X @(Notetaking  B  ` Inthiscaseyouhavebeenpermittedtotakenotesduringthe | courseofthetrial,andmostofyouperhapsallofyouhavetaken  P advantageofthatopportunityandhavemadenotesfromtimetotime. | $   ` Youwillhaveyournotesavailabletoyouduringyour P  deliberations,butyoushouldmakeuseofthemonlyasanaidtoyour $  memory.Inotherwords,youshouldnotgiveyournotesany  precedenceoveryourindependentrecollectionoftheevidenceorthe t lackofevidence;andneithershouldyoubeundulyinfluencedbythe H notesofotherjurors. t  ` Iemphasizethatnotesarenotentitledtoanygreaterweightthan H thememoryorimpressionofeachjurorastowhatthetestimonymay  havebeen.   @- 6 X @(Possession  B  ` Thelawrecognizesseveralkindsofpossession.Apersonmay | haveactualpossessionorconstructivepossession.Apersonmayalso  P havesolepossessionorjointpossession. | $   ` Apersonwhoknowinglyhasdirectphysicalcontrolofsomething P  istheninactualpossessionofit. $   ` Apersonwhoisnotinactualpossession,butwhohasboththe  powerandtheintentiontolatertakecontroloversomethingeitheralone t ortogetherwithsomeoneelse,isinconstructivepossessionofit. H